1. Define homeostasis. 2. Explain how energy can be stored in chemical compounds and then released. 3. Why is ATP important to life? 4. What is the structure of ATP? 5. How are ATP and ADP (and Pi) like a rechargeable battery? 6. Identify at least 3 ways organisms can utilize ATP? 7. Describe the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph. 8. Categorize the following as heterotrophs or autotrophs: lithops, plants, strangler fig, pineapple tree, cuckoo bird, orca whale, cyanobacteria, and mushroom. 9. What process converts the energy of sunlight into chemical energy stored in the bonds of carbohydrates? 10. Where does most of the mass of a tree come from? How do you know? 11. Define pigments. 12. What is the principal pigment of a plant? What wavelenghts does this pigment absorb? What wavelengths does this pigment reflect? 13. How can pigments be separated? Hint: Plant Pigments and Chromatography Lab. 14. What solvent did we use to dissolve chlorophyll? 15. What are stomata? 16. Why are plants green? 17. Draw a small picture of a plant cell and label the following parts: plant cell, chloroplast, outer membrane, inner membrane, stroma, thylakoid, thylakoid membrane, thylakoid space, and granum. 18. Explain why plants would not be able to grow vigorously under green light. 19. Where do the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis take place? 20. What do NADP+ and NADPH enable the chloroplast to do? How many electrons does NADPH carry? How many hydrogen(s) does NADPH carry? Where are they delivered? 21. Why is water required for the light-dependent reactions? 22. What is the byproduct of the light-dependent reactions? 23. How many ATP and NADPH are required to power one turn of the Calvin cycle? 24. What is the name of the enzyme that captures CO2 from the atmosphere? 25. What would happen to a plant if there was no more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Explain in detail. 26. Why does a plant produce sugars? Find at least two reasons. 27. What do photosystems do? Where would you find one? 28. Define electron transport chain. What do proteins in the chain pump? 29. What does ATP synthase do? Where is it found? How does it work? 30. What can happen to the three carbon molecules that exit the Calvin cycle? 31. How many molecules of carbon dioxide are required to synthesize one molecule of glucose? 32. What happens to NADP+, ADP, and sugars produced in the Calvin cycle? 33. What factors affect photosynthesis? How are enzymes related to this? 34. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis (with H2O on both sides)? Where do the carbon and oxygen in CO2 end up? Where do the hydrogen and oxygen in H2O end up? 35. How are C4 Photosynthesis and CAM plants similar? How do they differ? 36. What is an energy pyramid? Approximately how munch energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? 37. Define calorie. What has more energy: a candy bar that contains 290 Calories or an orange that contains 30,000 calories? 38. What is the net equation for respiration? How is it similar to photosynthesis? 39. Describe the three major steps in cell respiration (glycolysis, krebs cycle, and electron transport chain)? Where do each of these occur? 40. How are aerobic and anaerobic similar? How do they differ? 41. Does cellular respiration occur in animals only? If not, what other organisms do it? 42. If all the photosynthesizing organisms in the world were suddenly absent, what would happen to the level of carbon dioxide and of oxygen gas in the atmosphere?
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